Ilex aquifolium - Common holly tree

Description and Uses

Ilex aquifolium (Common holly tree) is a temperate tree from North West Europe . It is mainly grown for its timber crops , which have a medium shelf life. The crop is harvested by hand picking. It starts flowering after 6 - 9 years. The yield will be 0.1, but in its top season there will be a yield of 0.5. Other crop types include; poison herbicide, ornamental, timber, fodder, . The {missing data} is used as beverage . The fresh leaf is used as " {missing data} " with cafeine (2 - 4) as its significant phytochemical. There is {missing data} extracted by {missing data} from the tree's {missing data} yielding 0 - {missing data} oil. The tree's wood is called {missing data} and has a density of 640 - 650 kg/m³. Regarding firewood production the tree's growing speed is slow, it's energetic value is 0 ckal/kg and the wood's drying speed is medium. After 50 years the tree can be totally removed as it reached its commercial and ecological goal. Ilex aquifolium has a lifespan of 500 years.

Environmental limitations

The tree is 10 meters tall with a crown of 5 meters wide. The tree prefers a planting distance of 600 cm and a row distance of 600 cm. It is slow growing and shade tolerant. Ilex aquifolium has a shallow root-system and it has symbiotic associations with the fungi (endo-mycorrhiza). It is not able to fix nitrogen with "any bacteria. The name(s) or string of bacteria include(s) "not applicable ". The tree's flower-morphology is dioecious and is pollinated by insects. Ilex aquifolium is evergreen and not allelopathic and has no thorns.

Ilex aquifolium thrives in an altitude of 0 to 1800 meters above sea-level (temperate). The minimum temperature is -20°C; optimally between 10 - 22°C. The optimal rainfall is 1650 mm/year. Without irrigation the annual rainfall should be between 650 - 2000mm (L/m²). The optimal soil-pH is between 6.0 - 7.0 in a soil texture of loam. To salt it is intolerant to wind tolerant and to fire intolerant.

Pests and Diseases

Ilex aquifolium is susceptible to the following pests: . And it's susceptible to the following diseases: (missing data) , , .

Seed Propagation

Seeds are stratificant and can be stored for 3 months. There are approximative 55000 seeds/kg. The seeds can be propagated as followed: {missing data}